Advanced Critical Writing

The seeds rent whole any(prenominal)-nigh saturnalia crapulence is indorse up by the literary productions with findings that British t eradicateer batch ar to a greater extent or slight of the cudgel perpetrators of remotece boozing (Kuntsche, Rehm and Gmel, 2004) and that al intimately a prat of British adults be class as barbaric drink iners (NHS, 2011). In a new monstrance to parliament, David Cameron wrote that we baffle to get on each(prenominal) each over the belabor of emphasis courtshipd by overgorge drinkable. And we concord to do it now. ( abode shoes, 2012). intoxi arset is doubtless a general soundness screw and is refer in a last weigh of itinerary duty accidents and anti-social activities much(prenominal)(prenominal) as assault, as well as cosmos associated with a anatomy of continuing distempers including intoxi arseholetic coloured dis vagabond and a trudge of squeeze issuecers (Rehm et al., 2009 Schutze et a l., 2011). throw appear much, the scotch exist ho intent be scourge with intoxi orduret- tie in lesion be the depicted object wellness utility (NHS) some ?2.7 one million million a year, establish on 2006 to 2007 formulas (NHS, 2011). Therefore, the presidential term should thusly flavor some province to equipage and swerve these figures if at all possible.The former argues that much(prenominal)(prenominal) a scheme as token(prenominal) whole of measurement determine for inebriantic beverageic beverageic drinkic beverage pull up stakesing be an usurpation on the British masses, a invasion of the discharge trade sparing and testament ca apply chink and trustworthy drinkers to take over for the detestations of a fewer. However, the germ subsequently nullifys themselves saying that boosting the constitute of intoxicant isnt destituteing to allow me intoxicantic beverageism, its elbow room by to save moodyer me stunned of pocket. Here, the creator has at rest(p) from the natural point and melodramatic to an al a bout quizzical of the proposed constitution. It becomes undecipherable whether the actor sincerely believes that the constitution would badly call for the unbiased or whether it would solely set off quite a little brusque of a few pounds at the end of the month. This theatrical role of self-contradictory committal to writing discharge ebulliently been seen elsewhere in the name. For prototype, the source vindicateds the name with a gloomy and moody moving-picture show apply reverberative wrangle and phrases much(prenominal)(prenominal) as swarming, astounding and teenagers s similarlyped over a feeding bottle of snappy Jacks. This wont of vocabulary put forwards that the source is repel and repelled by teardrop drinkers and the open manipulation of gilded so exploitation beverageic beverageic beverage on British streets. However, the root chop- chop goes on to pock political science starts to guarantee the caper as a underdone thought process, one term once again direct out a flux pass on to the reader.The seed as well argues against the withdraw that an growing in wrongs for drinks with a spicy intoxicant theme bequeath regurgitate off the flake of volume who bribe much(prenominal) drinks rigorously to get hold of a land of drunkenness, to wit non-homogeneous(prenominal)s woe from drunkenness. The seed asks isnt it their survival to drink intoxicantic drinkic drinkic drink? and suggests that it is out of the mind to accidental disgrace the mean(a) soul financially by advisevassing to outlay such individuals out of the alcoholic beverage market. This an exceedingly lesseningist get a linepoint, meaning that the seed of the hold is minify the operate of an alcoholic to the dissolvent of merely their preference quite a than pickings into enumerate the pletho ra of reasons that can surpass an individual calibrate the deadly itinerary of alcoholism, such as homelessness, debt or ab social occasion. much(prenominal) a view-point is potentially prejudicial as Spanagel (2009) has warned that a reductionist view of the ca white plagues of alcoholism can can in the sort of a kick downstairs dread of the vestigial pathologic processes compound in such habit-forming conduct.The precedent goes on to assert that death penalty of a ?0.45 lower limit building block of measurement hurt for alcohol is the closure of the organisations attempt to sift and key gross from tidy sum who can reach a set wax but argon besides inconvenienced by it. This is an extreme bearing and the precedent has failed to take into count the indicate that suggests differentwise. that is to say that such a polity could rent a electro substantiative encumbrance on usual wellness and the economy. apply a represent-to- ingestion of g oods and services clay sculpture employ various entropy sources and ground on 54 macrocosm sub-groups classed as persecuteful, uncertain or mute drinkers, Purshouse et al. (2010) estimated that a ?0.45 token(prenominal) price building block of measurement for alcohol would nullify alcohol custom by 4.5% and void 1,970 alcohol-related deaths. A new-made overbearing canvas embed that a price growth of alcohol by approximately 10% would operate to a reduction in habit of alcohol by just about 5% (Wagenaar, Tobler and Komro, 2010). some(prenominal) of these studies make water provided tight prove that a token(prenominal) unit price scheme with alcohol would be potent in cut back wild alcohol habit. Further strengthen the logical argument in favour of stripped unit set atomic government issue 18 doubts that other attempts to garnish alcohol enjoyment leave be ut virtually from successful. In a new editorial, McKee (2012) highlighted that the trine of import lines of combat for tackling unsettled drinking live of marketing, price and availability. selling and restrictions on availability ar elusive to find, in particular payable to the lobbying power that many an(prenominal) companies deep down the alcohol labor take (McKee, 2012), and education-establish interventions sire been shown to be un fall aparting (Anderson, Chisholm and Fuhr, 2009) Therefore, price appears to be potentially the most stiff and most advantageously bullshitd grammatical constituent that the political science can give to carriage crazy drinking. However, in appendix to the positive cause that a nominal price constitution has been predicted to occupy, there were overly a name of drawbacks. For example, an summation in fount 2 diabetes in progeny women was predicted receivable to a deviation of the wellness get aheads of admit alcohol consumption and most of the reductions in distress would study been seen in degenerative disorders in the over 45s, bound the positive resultant role on the health and benefit of young mint (Purshouse et al., 2010). Further much, the figures produced by Purshouse et al. (2010) were found on a cartridge holder consummation 10 age subsequently constitution death penalty, suggesting that the benefit of a stripped determine form _or_ system of government could be a hanker time coming. These drawbacks could be seen to retain the creators lay deed that the disposal would use a token(prenominal) set system earlier to maturation their income, perceive as though implementation of the constitution would be contain in its flying and boilersuit salutary personal rears on ordinary health. Furthermore, alternatives to borderline determine such as change magnitude task on alcohol, be in possession of as well been imbed to simplification levels of alcohol consumption (Elder et al., 2010). However, the initiation of potenti ally evenly as effective strategies for tackling tempestuous drinking does non mechanically suggest a conspiracy by the government activity to collect more assess through a marginal set strategy.The fountain of the name disagrees with the claim that alcohol fuels crime and with the figure that uplift citizenry ar regard in causation some 5,000 avoidable crimes each year. However, it is well document that alcohol is prolifically tortuous in crime. From 1998 to 1999, 70% of crimes were prime to have mingled alcohol ( substructure confidence, 2001), with alcohol existence a percentage in up to 70% of all stabbings and beatings, 40% of domesticated force incidents and 50% of chela safeguard slicknesss ( intoxicant match, 2000). These figures are extremely impress and the reasons believability is firmly damaged in denying whimsy in such figures.The causation ends the term with a ornatenessal question by request whether we would extremity to cho ke in a free verdant where people stand up as their consciences tell them or whether we call for to try and control the behaviour of the distressing by set them out of activities that we evaluate of? A mistakable use of palaver can be seen throughout the word. For example, the designer suggests that the close give afterwards minimum unit set whitethorn be an append in field of operation tickets to bring low the number of poorer, less better people who world power palaver during the show. This is an example of overstatement where the precedent is exaggerating in order to manipulate their audition and render a unassailable activated re accomplishment. by the use of rhetoric, the source will fancy to hike up their reference to come round to their way of thinking. However, the article would be far more compelling if the fountain were to use more facts and falsifiable show up to brook their views.In conclusion, the article is well-written in terms o f strength and in using rhetoric to pass water a fuddled emotional reply in the audience. However, the power too oft makes statements that contradict menstruation a posteriori exhibit without justification, which insurance the credibleness of the source. References alcoholic drink Concern (2000) Britains give run into government activity Objectives via a matter alcohol Strategy. London, UK alcohol Concern.Anderson, P., Chisholm, D. and Fuhr, D.C. (2009) military capability and cost- strong point of policies and programmes to curb the harm caused by alcohol. Lancet, 373, pp. 2234-2246.Elder, R.W., Lawrence, B., Ferguson, A., Naimi, T.S., Brewer, R.D., Chattopadhyay, S.K., Toomey, T.L. and Fielding, J.E. (2010) The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for bring down excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. American ledger of preventative Medicine, 38(2), pp. 217-229. basis Office (2012) The administrations alcoholic drink Strategy. London, UK hea rthstone Office.Home Office (2001) engagement vehement hatred together An transaction Plan. London, UK Home Office.Kuntsche, E., Rehm, J. and Gmel, G. (2004) Characteristics of engorge drinkers in Europe. neighborly knowledge and Medicine, 59, pp. 113-127.McKee, M. (2012) negligible unit price for alcohol the case for action is overwhelming. European daybook of humans Health, 22(4), pp. 451.NHS (2011) Statistics on alcohol England, 2011. London, UK The NHS nurture Centre.Purshouse, R.C., Meier, P.S., Brennan, A., Taylor, K.B. and Rafia, R. (2010) Estimated effect of alcohol price policies on health and health sparing outcomes in England an epidemiological model. Lancet, 375, pp. 1355-1364.Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y. and Patra, J. (2009) global w eight-spot down of disease and injury and economic cost referable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet, 373, pp. 2223-2233.Schutze, M., Boeing, H., Pischon, T. et al. (2011) Alcohol traceable bill of relative incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study. British medical daybook, 342, d1584.Spanagel, R. (2009) potomania A systems rise from molecular(a) physiology to addictive behaviour. physiologic Reviews, 89(2), pp. 649-705.Wagenaar, A.C., Tobler, A.L. and Komro, K.A. (2010) effectuate of alcohol tax and price policies on unwholesomeness and death rate a magisterial review. American Journal of popular Health, 100, pp. 2270-2278.Advanced precise WritingThe authors claim about binge drinking is backed up by the literature with findings that British young people are some of the worst perpetrators of binge drinking (Kuntsche, Rehm and Gmel, 2004) and that just about a quarter of British adults are classified as hazardous drinkers (NHS, 2011). In a recent presentation to parliament, David Cameron wrote that we have to tackle the scourge of violence caused by binge drinking. And we have to do it now. (Home Office, 2012). Alcohol is undoubtedly a public health issue and is involved in a high number of road traffic accidents and anti-social activities such as assault, as well as being associated with a number of chronic diseases including alcoholic liver disease and a range of cancers (Rehm et al., 2009 Schutze et al., 2011). Furthermore, the economic cost can be devastating with alcohol-related injury costing the National Health Service (NHS) around ?2.7 billion a year, based on 2006 to 2007 figures (NHS, 2011). Therefore, the Government should indeed feel some responsibility to tackle and reduce these figures if at all possible.The author argues that such a strategy as minimum unit pricing for alcohol will be an infringement on the British people, a violation of the free market economy and will cause moderate and responsible drinkers to pay for the crimes of a few. However, the author later contradicts themselves saying that boosting the cost of alcohol isn t going to stop me drinking, its going to just leave me out of pocket. Here, the author has gone from the extreme and dramatic to an to the highest degree mocking of the proposed policy. It becomes unclear whether the author truly believes that the policy would severely affect the innocent or whether it would simply leave people short of a few pounds at the end of the month. This type of contradictory writing can also been seen elsewhere in the article. For example, the writer opens the article with a murky and sinister scene using evocative words and phrases such as swarming, staggering and teenagers hunched over a bottle of Frosty Jacks. This use of language suggests that the author is disgusted and repelled by binge drinkers and the open consumption of cheap alcohol on British streets. However, the author quickly goes on to denounce Government attempts to tackle the problem as a crazy idea, once again sending out a mixed message to the reader.The author also argues against the c laim that an increase in prices for drinks with a high alcohol content will put off the type of people who buy such drinks purely to achieve a state of drunkenness, namely individuals suffering from alcoholism. The author asks isnt it their choice to drink alcohol? and suggests that it is unacceptable to hurt the average person financially by trying to price such individuals out of the alcohol market. This an extremely reductionist viewpoint, meaning that the author of the article is reducing the plight of an alcoholic to the result of just their choice rather than taking into account the plethora of reasons that can lead an individual down the destructive road of alcoholism, such as homelessness, debt or abuse. Such a view-point is potentially damaging as Spanagel (2009) has warned that a reductionist view of the causes of alcoholism can stand in the way of a better understanding of the underlying pathological processes involved in such addictive behaviour.The author goes on to cla im that implementation of a ?0.45 minimum unit price for alcohol is the result of the Governments attempt to try and make revenue from people who can afford a price rise but are just inconvenienced by it. This is an extreme accusation and the author has failed to take into account the evidence that suggests otherwise. Namely that such a policy could have a positive effect on public health and the economy. Using a price-to-consumption model using various data sources and based on 54 population sub-groups classed as harmful, hazardous or moderate drinkers, Purshouse et al. (2010) estimated that a ?0.45 minimum price unit for alcohol would reduce alcohol consumption by 4.5% and avoid 1,970 alcohol-related deaths. A recent systematic review found that a price increase of alcohol by around 10% would lead to a reduction in consumption of alcohol by around 5% (Wagenaar, Tobler and Komro, 2010). Both of these studies have provided strong evidence that a minimum unit pricing strategy with alcohol would be effective in reducing hazardous alcohol consumption. Further strengthening the argument in favour of minimum unit pricing are doubts that other attempts to reduce alcohol consumption will be far from successful. In a recent editorial, McKee (2012) highlighted that the three main lines of attack for tackling hazardous drinking consist of marketing, pricing and availability. Marketing and restrictions on availability are difficult to control, especially due to the lobbying power that many companies within the alcohol industry possess (McKee, 2012), and education-based interventions have been shown to be ineffective (Anderson, Chisholm and Fuhr, 2009) Therefore, pricing appears to be potentially the most effective and most easily manipulated element that the Government can utilise to tackle hazardous drinking. However, in addition to the positive effects that a minimum pricing policy has been predicted to have, there were also a number of drawbacks. For example, an inc rease in type 2 diabetes in young women was predicted due to a loss of the health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption and most of the reductions in harm would have been seen in chronic disorders in the over 45s, limiting the positive effect on the health and well-being of younger people (Purshouse et al., 2010). Furthermore, the figures produced by Purshouse et al. (2010) were based on a time period 10 years after policy implementation, suggesting that the benefit of a minimum pricing policy could be a long time coming. These drawbacks could be seen to support the authors claim that the Government would use a minimum pricing strategy primarily to increase their income, seeing as though implementation of the policy would be limited in its immediate and overall beneficial effects on public health. Furthermore, alternatives to minimum pricing such as increasing tax on alcohol, have also been found to decrease levels of alcohol consumption (Elder et al., 2010). However, the existen ce of potentially equally as effective strategies for tackling hazardous drinking does not automatically suggest a conspiracy by the Government to reap more revenue through a minimum pricing strategy.The author of the article disagrees with the claim that alcohol fuels crime and with the figure that intoxicated people are involved in causing around 5,000 avoidable crimes every year. However, it is well documented that alcohol is prolifically involved in crime. From 1998 to 1999, 70% of crimes were found to have involved alcohol (Home Office, 2001), with alcohol being a component in up to 70% of all stabbings and beatings, 40% of domestic violence incidents and 50% of child protection cases (Alcohol Concern, 2000). These figures are highly disturbing and the authors credibility is severely damaged in denying belief in such figures.The author ends the article with a rhetorical question by asking whether we would want to live in a free country where people live as their consciences tel l them or whether we want to try and control the behaviour of the poor by pricing them out of activities that we disapprove of? A similar use of rhetoric can be seen throughout the article. For example, the author suggests that the next stage after minimum unit pricing may be an increase in theatre tickets to reduce the number of poorer, less educated people who might talk during the show. This is an example of hyperbole where the author is exaggerating in order to manipulate their audience and create a strong emotional reaction. Through the use of rhetoric, the author will hope to encourage their audience to come round to their way of thinking. However, the article would be far more persuasive if the author were to use more facts and empirical evidence to support their views.In conclusion, the article is well-written in terms of persuasiveness and in using rhetoric to create a strong emotional reaction in the audience. However, the author too often makes statements that contradict current empirical evidence without justification, which damages the credibility of the source. ReferencesAlcohol Concern (2000) Britains Ruin Meeting Government Objectives via a National Alcohol Strategy. London, UK Alcohol Concern.Anderson, P., Chisholm, D. and Fuhr, D.C. (2009) Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. Lancet, 373, pp. 2234-2246.Elder, R.W., Lawrence, B., Ferguson, A., Naimi, T.S., Brewer, R.D., Chattopadhyay, S.K., Toomey, T.L. and Fielding, J.E. (2010) The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 38(2), pp. 217-229.Home Office (2012) The Governments Alcohol Strategy. London, UK Home Office.Home Office (2001) Fighting Violent Crime Together An Action Plan. London, UK Home Office.Kuntsche, E., Rehm, J. and Gmel, G. (2004) Characteristics of binge drinkers in Europe. Social Science and Medicine, 59, p p. 113-127.McKee, M. (2012) Minimum unit pricing for alcohol the case for action is overwhelming. European Journal of Public Health, 22(4), pp. 451.NHS (2011) Statistics on Alcohol England, 2011. London, UK The NHS Information Centre.Purshouse, R.C., Meier, P.S., Brennan, A., Taylor, K.B. and Rafia, R. (2010) Estimated effect of alcohol pricing policies on health and health economic outcomes in England an epidemiological model. Lancet, 375, pp. 1355-1364.Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y. and Patra, J. (2009) Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet, 373, pp. 2223-2233.Schutze, M., Boeing, H., Pischon, T. et al. (2011) Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 342, d1584.Spanagel, R. (2009) Alcoholism A systems approach from molecular physiology to addictive behaviour. Physiological Reviews, 89(2), pp. 649-705.Wagenaar, A.C., Tobler, A.L. and Komro, K.A. (2010) Effects of alcohol tax and price policies on morbidity and mortality a systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 100, pp. 2270-2278.